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Wednesday, August 21, 2013

Extend Crime Analysis with ArcGIS 10 Spatial Statistics Tools

By Lauren Scott and Nathan Warmerdam

Editor's note: Crime mapping using traditional GIS analysis techniques has been helping law enforcement agencies track crime incidents and produce density maps showing overall crime patterns. With improvements in the availability and quality of crime data in digital format and more robust GIS software, police departments have expanded the use of GIS. They are using spatial data analysis to assess crime patterns, optimize resource allocation, and improve emergency call response. The spatial statistics tools in ArcGIS enhance spatial data analysis of crime data by supplying tools that use statistical methods designed specifically for use with spatial data. This article describes how the Hot Spot Analysis, Mean Center, Linear Directional Mean, and Standard Deviational Ellipse tools, available at all license levels, can be used for more sophisticated types of crime analysis.

Understanding Where Crime Occurs

Crime hot spots are areas of high crime intensity. Knowing where crime is concentrated helps law enforcement agencies make better decisions about allocating police resources. In addition, using GIS to map crime hot spots can effectively communicate crime patterns and crime prevention strategies to decision makers and the public.
The Hot Spot Analysis tool in ArcGIS 9 identifies spatial clusters of statistically significant high or low attribute values. Given a set of weighted data points, such as the number of crimes per census block, and operating under the expectation that data values are randomly distributed across the study area, this tool delineates clusters of census blocks with higher than expected crime incidents. These clusters are hot spots. The Hot Spot Analysis tool also delineates spatial clusters of lower than expected crime incidents. These clusters reflect crime cold spots and may provide clues about policy or environmental factors that discourage crime.
click to enlargeclick to enlarge
Crime hot spots generated from vandalism data for Lincoln, Nebraska, that have not been normalized. Hot spots are shown in bright red and located in downtown Lincoln, an area with a large population. Cold spots, or areas of low crime, are shown in dark blue and are located in suburban areas.Hot spot analysis using vandalism data that was normalized with data from all crime incidents for Lincoln, Nebraska. Again, areas with high incidence of vandalism are shown in bright red and low vandalism areas are shown in dark blue.
Running the Hot Spot Analysis tool against raw total crime counts provides the analyst with an overall picture of crime patterns. A map of these crime patterns effectively communicates where crime activities are highest and where they are lowest. However, the police officers working in the study area day to day will likely already know firsthand where crime activities are highest. Often more useful are analyses that incorporate risk assessment by controlling study area variations in population, overall crime patterns, and environmental factors.

Performing Risk Assessment

One would expect more crimes in areas with more people and fewer crimes in areas with fewer people. Communities are a tapestry of neighborhoods (each one with different characteristics). In essence, a study area can be viewed as a landscape of crime. Gang activities; the types of businesses in an area; and factors that can be difficult to quantify, such as lighting, access to freeways, or a high proportion of residents with criminal records, can drive up the crime rate in some neighborhoods.
For example, if the task is to determine where to implement a vandalism prevention program, simply running the Hot Spot Analysis tool on raw vandalism counts will probably find hot spots just where they would be expected (in downtown areas that have lots of people and, typically, lots of crime). However, dividing vandalism counts in each census tract by all crime counts will represent vandalism counts as a proportion of all crime events. Running the hot spot analysis on these normalized ratios will provide a different picture. It will show the location of clusters of tracts in which vandalism represents a larger than expected proportion of all crime events. Such an analysis, carried out on crime data from Lincoln, Nebraska, showed that vandalism is primarily a suburban issue. Consequently, implementing a vandalism prevention program in the downtown area probably would not be as effective as implementing a program in the suburbs where vandalism constitutes a larger proportion of overall crime events.
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Daytime burglaries tend to be slightly more concentrated than nighttime burglaries, indicated by the smaller standard distance circle. These circles also highlight the differences in the locations of daytime and nighttime burglaries.

Looking for Clues to Criminal Activities

One of the simplest approaches to better understand some factors that encourage criminal activity is examining the distribution of different types of crimes. A crime analyst, for example, might want to know if the mean center for burglaries shifts when evaluating daytime versus nighttime crime incidents. This information could be used to improve the way police departments assign personnel. The Mean Center tool available in ArcGIS 9 computes the average x-coordinate and y-coordinate for each crime incident in the study area.
Another new tool for studying the distribution of crime incidents works with line data. The Linear Directional Mean tool is used to measure the trend of either the direction or orientation of line features by calculating the average angle of the lines. This statistic can be used to evaluate auto theft data that contains information on the location from which each vehicle was taken and where it was eventually recovered. Analyzing this data using the Linear Directional Mean tool highlights recurring patterns that can suggest an underlying infrastructure supporting car thefts in the region. Similar analysis has been used to study data on missing/abducted children.
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Analysis of the spatial dispersion of crimes by police beat in Redlands, California, shows that crimes in the western portion of the city follow major transportation networks in the area.
When crime distributions are compared to other features in the landscape, similarities or relationships often become apparent. The most common way for measuring the trend for points or areas is to calculate the standard distance separately in the x and y directions. These two measures define the axes of an ellipse encompassing the distribution of features. The ellipse is referred to as the standard deviational ellipse since the method calculates the standard deviation of the x-coordinates and y-coordinates from the mean center to define the axes of the ellipse. This ellipse shows if the distribution of features is elongated, which indicates it has a particular orientation.
For example, crime events grouped by police beat and evaluated using the Standard Deviational Ellipse tool may show that, for some police beats, crime activities are evenly distributed throughout the beat so the ellipse resembles a circle. In other cases, crime activities tend to follow road networks, and crime incidents in these police beats show that orientation.

Conclusion

By placing crime incidents in a geographic context and applying the spatial statistical analysis tools now available in ArcGIS 9, crime analysts can better understand where and why crime activity is occurring and law enforcement agencies can respond in the most efficient and effective manner.

Additional Resources

Not only crime analysts but also GIS practitioners in many research areas, such as epidemiology, archaeology, wildlife biology, and retail analysis, will benefit from the spatial statistics tools in ArcGIS 9. These tools can be easily modified or extended because most were written using the Python scripting language. The source code for the statistical tools can be accessed from ArcToolbox and serve as samples and templates for further customization. For more information about scripting in the ArcGIS geoprocessing environment, select Geoprocessing >Writing Geoprocessing Scripts on the Contents tab of the ArcGIS 9 Online Help.
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Analysis of 911 emergency calls shows regions that get many calls in bright red and regions that get few calls in dark blue and the relationship of those areas to local police and fire response stations, indicated by bright green squares.
The Esri Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2, an Esri Press book scheduled for release in the third quarter of 2005, provides additional specific information on spatial statistics tools and more general information on spatial data analysis using GIS. It is the second in a series by Andy Mitchell. The first book,The Esri Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 1, focuses on visual and cartographic methods of spatial data analysis. Both books can be purchased online at www.esri.com/shop.
Online resources are also available. A five-minute video showing hot spot analysis of emergency 911 call data is available on the Esri Web site. An article describing the tools in the Spatial Statistics toolbox appeared in the October–December 2004 issue of ArcUser and is available online. For more information on the Python scripting language, visit www.Python.org.

About the Authors

Dr. Lauren Scott works on the ArcGIS Geoprocessing Team and developed the tools in the Spatial Statistics toolbox. She holds a Ph.D. in geography from the joint doctoral program at San Diego State University in California and the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Nathan Warmerdam works as a product specialist on the Geoprocessing Team. He holds a master's degree in geographic information science from the University of Redlands in California.
source esri.com

Tuesday, August 20, 2013

Uninstalling ArcGIS Desktop

The ArcGIS software components can be easily uninstalled. Regardless of the software product type installed, ArcView, ArcInfo, or ArcEditor, the Add/Remove program item will be listed as ArcGIS Desktop. If you have installed ArcGIS Desktop and enabled ArcView (Single Use) or ArcEditor (Single Use) on your machine, uninstalling removes all applications.
The tutorial data is listed as ArcGIS Tutorial Data. The ArcGIS 9.x License Manager is listed as ArcGIS License Manager.
Selecting ArcGIS Desktop from the Add/Remove Programs dialog box provides the options to uninstall (Remove All) or add and remove installation components. For information on adding or removing installation components, see the topic, Adding ArcGIS Desktop installation components.
If you uninstall using Add/Remove programs, VBA 6.5 will also be removed (if ArcGIS Desktop was the only setup that installed it). If you uninstall manually using msiexec commands, ArcGIS Desktop will not remove VBA 6.5.
Note
If you have completed an installation of ArcView (Single Use) or ArcEditor (Single Use) and ArcGIS Desktop (floating applications), removing ArcGIS Desktop will uninstall both.

Uninstalling ArcGIS Desktop products

From the Start button, click Control Panel. Double-click the Add/Remove Programs Icon. Select the application to uninstall (ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Tutorial Data, etc) from the program list, and click the Remove button.

Uninstalling ArcGIS Desktop on Vista

When uninstalling ArcGIS Desktop on Vista the following dialog will be displayed when ArcGIS Desktop has been removed but before  VBA 6.5 is removed.  Select 'setup Application' in the list, and click Ignore for the uninstallation to proceed.

Uninstalling Python

When Python is installed by the ArcGIS Desktop setup, it is not uninstalled when you uninstall ArcGIS Desktop. You must manually remove it. The Add/Remove program item is Python 2.5.1.

How to perform an uninstallation of ArcGIS Desktop silently

To uninstall a product silently use the following Windows Installer command:
msiexec /x <{product code}> /qb
For example: To uninstall ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 silently, use the following command line:
msiexec.exe /x {5033400B-0977-45AB-94CE-CC135A8E1BBB} /qb

Any ArcGIS product can be uninstalled silently using the product code. The product codes for 9.2 products can be found below. You can script your uninstallation of 9.2 products in anticipation of installing 9.3.  The Knowledge Base article 28709 is updated and available with the product codes for ArcGIS releases.

ArcGIS 9.2
ArcGIS Desktop {1F34839E-4826-4B64-B1B3-42E5AE8DEC5A}
ArcGIS Tutorial Data {1032F58F-D319-42C1-A25F-2D3C9A26705B}
ArcGIS Desktop SDK for the Microsoft .NET Framework {0CCCA447-8A01-41E2-92D0-5B8ED1E7B665}
ArcGIS Desktop SDK for VB6 {DEE23DF7-BB97-46DE-B384-0DCB0F5DF0A9}
ArcGIS Desktop VBA Developer Resources {1FD0DD4B-A072-4FE7-BDCD-84E3B1302678}
ArcGIS Desktop SDK for Visual C++ {FE5655A6-E2DF-4BEA-97B8-4F9A11F44747}
ArcGIS Engine Runtime {9B139B36-F1FF-4DB8-89F9-4DA3D5C12BE8}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for C++ {4E2A301F-8A7B-447F-AF24-1ED1C9E69A81}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for the Java Platform {17A643B2-A659-4859-AEEB-D1CD6A62FC8D}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for the Microsoft .NET Framework {7132A6AB-FB83-4E81-98E0-88F748AA9DD4}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for Visual Basic 6 {84A7AF81-6B9F-44D0-8316-682C3CB09748}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for Visual C++ {571AA05F-FDAE-40A0-9979-A91C3E2BD5F9}
ArcGIS Help System for the Java Platform {DB78CD8E-77D9-450F-9150-B68DDCFE75AE}
ArcInfo Workstation {494D3701-9D5E-44AC-BF3B-1BC682EE797C}
ArcGIS Server for the Microsoft .NET Framework {B4E1F242-76E1-4C8C-BF15-59DED0EE6D8C}
ArcGIS Server for the Java Platform {00B1C980-318A-4505-A578-5FA9825A2AFB}
ArcGIS ArcIMS {752AE27D-0AE5-4728-B615-308926C04A91}
ArcIMS Web ADF for the Microsoft .NET Framework {9620E027-4D61-4DE3-BB68-5632565BA546}
ArcIMS Web ADF for the Java Platform {0DBB552C-BEB3-4385-BA79-DCB2AD6CD29D}
ArcGIS ArcReader {191DCDE8-C24A-495D-AEA7-F7F07F4AA70F}

ArcGIS 9.3 Product Codes
ArcGIS Desktop {5033400B-0977-45AB-94CE-CC135A8E1BBB}
ArcGIS Tutorial Data  {41B76534-B3C2-4FCF-B171-5291A3561051}
ArcGIS Desktop SDK for the Microsoft .NET Framework {FDDE9E05-0C99-452A-8BEF-2A8CA5D63BD9}
ArcGIS Desktop SDK for VB6  {0BEA7956-25DA-455E-877E-7E9D97DA9559}
ArcGIS Desktop VBA Developer Resources  {34779D41-898A-43A2-8A1E-FD15DCD2166D}
ArcGIS Desktop SDK for Visual C++  {FCF6B51D-CE32-437B-8556-016F08A677C5}
ArcGIS Engine Runtime  {993E1907-DC8A-485F-B724-9BCD3F9EA468}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for C++  {E98BEDD5-5AA9-421C-973C-CB14E1752988}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for the Java Platform  {7C96C8E7-C511-4C13-B787-124475EBB418}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for the Microsoft .NET Framework {2662F66D-CE89-4747-A468-AC14C8906460}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for Visual Basic 6  {5D3A6A96-0FB7-4BD8-BD40-2AD357B24C12}
ArcGIS Engine SDK for Visual C++  {2E5EB60C-D096-48AD-B248-AC30FF2CD281}
ArcGIS Help System for the Java Platform  {A9DB4901-5FAB-4104-B0F9-DF11D1C7D362}
ArcInfo Workstation  {2B0AEAE7-6EF2-4642-8F95-DDBC9B72721D}
ArcGIS Server for the Microsoft .NET Framework  {9ACB5D84-EC39-48E8-9970-4812B6F6738E}
ArcGIS Server for the Java Platform  {3B556DE7-7D12-493A-A010-BAA46FDC9F85}
ArcGIS ArcIMS  {AF3EB55C-DC39-4770-9F0F-077B65C94CB7}
ArcIMS Web ADF for the Microsoft .NET Framework {22CABC57-BF82-4CE3-BF8F-49413AD8ED77}
ArcIMS Web ADF for the Java Platform  {A05805ED-806A-464C-BF77-6287D295624E}
ArcGIS ArcReader {7E6618B7-F401-46DE-98CA-E5B5B9C07BCD}
VBA 6.5 {A13D16C5-38A9-4D96-9647-59FCCAB12A85}
VBA 6.5 {FB97C283-1F3C-42D4-AE01-ADC1DC12F774}
ArcGIS  Crystal Reports Wizard {15FB6880-728F-4DF6-BEBB-046302A8E25A}

Procédure d'installation d'ArcGIS DeskTop 9.3 (Désinstallation ArcGIS DeskTop 9.2)

Résumé
Cet article technique vous permettra de désinstaller votre ArcGIS DeskTop 9.2 afin de pouvoir installer la version 9.3 d'ArcGIS Desktop.


Description
 Cet article contient des instructions modifiant certains paramètres du système d'exploitation. Une modification non conforme de ces paramètres peut engendrer de sérieux problèmes. Esri recommande au préalable de réaliser une sauvegarde complète du système d'exploitation, et particulièrement de la base de registre, avant de mettre en application les solutions proposées. Esri ne peut garantir la résolution du problème résultant d'une utilisation incorrecte de l'éditeur de la base de registre.

Partie I – Désinstallation de la Francisation d’ArcGIS DeskTop et des outils complémentaires non supportés.
   1. Désinstaller tous les outils complémentaires non supportés :


   Pour les utilisateurs ayant installé des outils complémentaires non supportés depuis le site du support d’Esri France ou d'autres sites Internet, il est fortement conseillé de suivre cette première étape de la désinstallation.

   Pour les utilisateurs n’ayant jamais installé d’outils complémentaires non supportés, vous pouvez passer directement au point 2.

         1.1. Procédure de désinstallation des dll liées aux outils complémentaires non supportés :
         Aller dans le menu démarrer de Windows puis Exécuter. Saisir la commande :

         regsvr32 -u "C:\Temp\LegendeBivariee.dll"
 (en tapant votre chemin d'accès complet où est stockée la *.dll à la place de C:\Temp\LegendeBivariee.dll) puis faites Ok.

         Recommencer la commande regsvr32 -u pour chaque outil complémentaire non supporté présent sur votre poste.

         Si vous vous ne souvenez plus où sont stockées les *.dll, vous pouvez retrouver leurs chemins d'accès dans la base de registre, comme indiqué ci-dessous.

         Procédure pour identifier le chemin d'accès aux dll :

         Faire Menu Démarrer de Windows et taper REGEDIT, puis aller dans le dossierHKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ComDlg32\OpenSaveMRU\dllpour obtenir le chemin d’accès à la DLL (copier le chemin d’accès pour le réutiliser avec la commande regsvr32 –u.
         D’autres outils non supportés téléchargés sur Internet peuvent également être présents sur votre ordinateur sous forme de .exe ou .bat (par exemple : Hawths Analysis Tools). Vous devez utiliser pour ces outils le fichier Uninstall livré avec l'outil pour les désinstaller.

         1.2. Désinstaller le service pack (SP) Français pour ArcGIS DeskTop (Panneau de configuration -> Ajout-Suppression de programmes).

         1.3. Désinstaller ArcGIS DeskTop version Française (Panneau de configuration -> Ajout-Suppression de Programmes).

Partie II – Désinstallation de la version Anglaise
Deux possibilités sont envisageables à ce niveau :

Première possibilité : Utiliser l’utilitaire 93ConflictDetector.exe afin de désinstaller l’ensemble des produits ArcGIS version finale et Anglaise.Voici le lien pour télécharger cet utilitaire :
http://support.Esri.com/index.cfm?fa=downloads.samplesUtilities.viewSample&PID=17&MetaID=1414

Deuxième possibilité : Faire la désinstallation manuelle de l’ensemble des produits ArcGIS version finale et Anglaise.
Il s’agit de désinstaller :

         2.1. Désinstaller Tutorial Data (Panneau de configuration -> Ajout-Suppression de programmes, s'il est installé).

         2.2 . Désinstaller Developper kit (Panneau de configuration -> Ajout-Suppression de programmes, s'il est installé).

         2.3. Désinstaller Crystal report 
(Panneau de configuration -> Ajout-Suppression de programmes, s'il est installé).

         2.4. Désinstaller ArcGIS Desktop
.


Partie III – Désinstallation de Python
A partir du Panneau de configuration -> Ajout Suppression de programmes, désinstaller Python 2.4.1 et les autres logiciels installés liés à Python 2.4.1. (s’il y en a, comme par exemple Python combined).

Partie IV – Suppression des dossiers Esri d'ArcGIS Desktop 9.2
         4.1. Tout d’abord, renommer le dossier Esri en Esri_OLD pour les emplacements suivant :
         C:\Documents and Settings\VotreProfilUtilisateur\Application Data\Esri et C:\Program Files\Fichiers communs.

         4.2.
 Ensuite, renommer également les dossiers Esri se trouvant dans la base de registre.

         Pour cela, naviguer dans le menu Démarrer de Windows -> Exécuter -> puis saisir regedit et faire Ok .

         Naviguer vers le dossier HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Esri et renommer le en Esri_OLD

         Naviguer vers le dossier HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/Software/Esri et renommer le en Esri_OLD

         4.3.
 Ensuite, sur votre disque dur, veuillez supprimer le dossier ArcGIS et Esri sur votre C:\Program Files.

Partie V – Nettoyer le registre de Windows
         Pour terminer, il est souhaitable de nettoyer votre base de registre en utilisant un outil de nettoyage de registre tel que RegCleaner ou CCleaner. Il vous permettra de supprimer toutes les clés liées à Esri, ArcGIS et outils liés (Python).

          Les problèmes liés à l'installation ou à l'utilisation de ces utilitaires ne peuvent en aucun cas être pris en charge par le support technique d'Esri France, ces derniers doivent être utilisés avec grande précaution car si vous supprimez par inadvertance une clef de registre liée au système ou à un autre logiciel des dysfonctionnements importants peuvent apparaître.
Partie VI – Installation d’ArcGIS Desktop 9.3
         6.1. Il ne vous reste plus qu’à effectuer l’installation d’ArcGIS 9.3 à partir du DVD d'installation.

         6.2.
 Après l’installation d’ArcGIS 9.3, il est recommandé d’effectuer un Réparer d’ArcGIS. Il s’agit de retrouver les fonctionnalités liées à l’éditeur Visual Basic (Article technique Esri Inc pour plus d'informations : Lien. Pour ce faire, aller dans le Panneau de configuration -> Ajout ->Suppression de programmes et pour ArcGIS Desktop faites modifier. Dans la fenêtre suivante, cliquez sur Réparer.

         6.3.
 Vous pouvez ensuite enregistrer votre licence (code UNK + 9 chiffres) à la fin de l’installation afin d’activer ArcGIS Desktop. Si cette étape ne fonctionne pas, veuillez vous rendre sur le site https://service.Esri.com/ et vous placer sur l’onglet « Product Registration ». Veuillez suivre les étapes et soumettre votre demande d’enregistrement de licence. Vous recevrez par mail le fichier de licences. Attention, ce mail peut parfois être considéré comme Spam dans votre messagerie.

         6.4.
 Pour terminer, vous pouvez installer le supplément français ArcGIS 9.3 (CD version française) .